User identification using biometric image data cache

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for storing facial recognition image data in a cache. One of the methods includes receiving an image from a camera, detecting, in the received image, a face of a person, searching a biometric data cache based on the detected face, in response to searching the biometric data cache based on the detected face, determining whether the biometric data cache includes data for the person, in response to a determination that the biometric data cache includes data for the person, using the data from the biometric data cache to determine an identifier for the person, and in response to a determination that the biometric data cache does not include data for the person: searching a data storage system based on the detected face of the person to determine whether the data storage system includes data for the person.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/185,186, filed Nov. 9, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/993,803, filed Jan. 12, 2016, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/246,746, filed Oct. 27,2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/167,930, filed May 29,2015. All of these prior applications are incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND

Some video systems may analyze frames in a video stream to identifyobjects shown in the video stream. For instance, a video system maydetermine whether an object is a person and determine whether a face ofthe person is shown in a frame from the video stream.

SUMMARY

In general, one innovative aspect of the subject matter described inthis specification can be embodied in methods that include the actionsof receiving an image from a camera, detecting, in the received image, aface of a person, searching a biometric data cache based on the detectedface of the person, the biometric data cache configured to maintain, fora first group of multiple different people, image data for each personin the first group, each person in the first group having at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, inresponse to searching the biometric data cache based on the detectedface, determining whether the biometric data cache includes data for theperson, in response to a determination that the biometric data cacheincludes data for the person, using the data from the biometric datacache to determine an identifier for the person, and in response to adetermination that the biometric data cache does not include data forthe person: searching a data storage system based on the detected faceof the person to determine whether the data storage system includes datafor the person, the data storage system configured to maintain, for asecond group of multiple different people that is different than thefirst group, biometric data for each of the multiple different people,and storing image data for the person in the biometric data cache. Otherembodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems,apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computerstorage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.A system of one or more computers can be configured to performparticular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware,hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that inoperation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or morecomputer programs can be configured to perform particular operations oractions by virtue of including instructions that, when executed by dataprocessing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions.

The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one ormore of the following features, alone or in combination. The method mayinclude determining, for each person in the second group of multipledifferent people, a likelihood that the person will be within the fieldof view of the camera within a threshold amount of time, selecting, foreach person in the second group of multiple different people, the personin response to a determination that the likelihood of being locatedwithin the field of view of the camera within the threshold amount oftime satisfies the threshold likelihood, and maintaining, for eachperson in the second group of multiple different people, the biometricdata cache with image data for the person. The biometric data cache maybe for a specific camera. The method may include receiving another imagefrom the camera, detecting, in the other image, a face of the person,determining a second biometric data cache for a second camera, causing asecond data processing apparatus to search the second biometric datacache based on the detected face in the other image, receiving a messageindicating whether the second biometric data cache includes data for theperson, in response to receipt of a message indicates that the secondbiometric data cache includes data for the person, using the data fromthe second biometric cache to determine an identifier for the person,and in response to receipt of a message indicates that the secondbiometric data cache does not include data for the person, searching thedata storage system based on the detected face in the other image todetermine whether the data storage system includes data for the person.The method may include receiving, from another biometric data cache foreach person in a third group of multiple different people, image datafor the person, and storing the received image data in the biometricdata cache.

In some implementations, receiving the image from the camera may includereceiving multiple images, detecting, for each of the multiple images,at least a portion of the face of the person in the image, determining,for each of the multiple images, a quality of the image, and selecting ahighest quality image from the multiple images that has a higher qualitythan the other images in the multiple images. Searching the biometricdata cache based on the detected face of the person may includesearching the biometric data cache using portion of the detected facefrom the highest quality image. A system may include the camera.Receiving the multiple images may include receiving each of the multipleimages from the camera. The system may include a memory, different fromthe data storage system and the biometric data cache, to maintain, foreach person in the second group, current highest quality image data forthe person and a quality descriptor for the current highest qualityimage data. The method may include determining that the memory does notinclude an image associated with the person, and in response todetermining the memory does not include an image associated with theperson, storing, in the memory, image data for the highest quality imageas new current highest quality image data.

In some implementations, the method may include in response to thedetermination that the biometric data cache does not include data forthe person, storing, in the biometric data cache, the image data for thehighest quality image. The method may include in response to thedetermination that the biometric data cache includes data for theperson, determining whether a quality of the highest quality image isgreater than a quality of image data for the person in the biometricdata, and in response to a determination that quality of the highestquality image is greater than the quality of image data for the personin the biometric data, storing, in the biometric data cache, the imagedata for the highest quality image. The method may include determiningwhether the highest quality image from the multiple images or thecurrent highest quality image for the person has a higher quality, andin response to a determination that the highest quality image from themultiple images has a higher quality than the current highest qualityimage for the person: storing, in the biometric data cache, image datafor the highest quality image, and storing, in the memory, the imagedata for the highest quality image as new current highest quality imagedata. Searching the biometric data cache using the portion of the facedetected from the highest quality image may include searching thebiometric data cache using the portion of the detected face from thehighest quality image in response to the determination that the highestquality image from the multiple images has a higher quality than thecurrent highest quality image for the person. The method may includereceiving multiple second images, detecting, for each of the multiplesecond images, at least a portion of the face of the person in thesecond image, determining, for each of the multiple second images, aquality of the second image, selecting a highest quality second imagefrom the multiple second images that has a higher quality than the otherimages in the multiple second images, determining that the highestquality second image and the current highest quality image data, storedin the memory, are for the same person, determining that data for thehighest quality second image has a lower quality than the currenthighest quality image data for the person, and in response to adetermination that the data for the highest quality second image has alower quality than the current highest quality image data for theperson: discarding the highest quality image, maintaining the currenthighest quality image data for the person in the memory, and notsearching the biometric data cache using the highest quality image.

In some implementations, the method may include in response to adetermination that the biometric data cache does not include data forthe person, determining a closest match for the person in the datastorage system in response to searching the data storage system based onthe detected face of the person. Storing the image data for the personin the biometric data cache may include storing the image data andinformation about the closest match in the biometric data cache. Storingthe image data for the person in the biometric data cache may includedetermining that the biometric data cache includes image data for amaximum quantity of people, determining particular image data with anolder time stamp than the other image data in the biometric data cache,and removing, from the biometric data cache, data for the personrepresented by the image data with the older time stamp than the otherimage data. Storing the image data for the person in the biometric datacache may include determining that the biometric data cache includesimage data for a maximum quantity of people, determining particularimage data in the biometric data cache that was least recently accessedcompared to image data in the biometric data cache for the other peoplein the second group of multiple different people, and removing, from thebiometric data cache, the particular image data. The method may includedetermining image data in the biometric data cache that was accessedmore than a predetermined period of time ago, and removing thedetermined image data from the biometric data cache.

In some implementations, the method may include receiving, for at leastone person of interest, image data for the person, storing the receivedimage data in the biometric data cache, and storing, for each person ofinterest, data flagging the corresponding image data as depicting aperson of interest. The method may include receiving a second image,detecting, in the second image, a second face of a second person,searching the biometric data cache based on the detected second face, inresponse to searching the biometric data cache based on the detectedsecond face, determining that the second person is flagged as a personof interest in the biometric data cache, and discarding the second imageto prevent further processing of the second image. The method mayinclude determining that the second person is an employee of aparticular entity using data for the person in the biometric data cachein response to determining that the second person is flagged as a personof interest. Discarding the second image to prevent further processingof the second image may include discarding the second image to preventfurther processing of the second image in response to a determinationthat the second person is an employee of the particular entity. Themethod may include receiving a second image, detecting, in the secondimage, a second face of a second person, searching the biometric datacache based on the detected second face, in response to searching thebiometric data cache based on the detected second face, determining thatthe second person is flagged as a person of interest in the biometricdata cache, and sending an alert message with information about thesecond person.

The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented inparticular embodiments and may result in one or more of the followingadvantages. In some implementations, the systems and methods describedbelow may use a biometric data cache to reduce processing time of imagedata, more efficiently track faces that have been blocked or moved outof a field of view of a camera, or both, compared to other systems. Insome implementations, the systems and methods described below may reducethe number of match requests sent to a larger database compared to othersystems that do not include an image data cache. In someimplementations, a multi-camera system may recognize that an individualthat has been detected in a frame from a first camera is the same personas an individual detected in a frame from a second camera. In someimplementations, a system with one or more caches, e.g. a quickclassification system, may more quickly recognize an individual forwhich one of the caches includes data compared to other systems.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matterdescribed in this specification are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, andadvantages of the subject matter will become apparent from thedescription, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example of an environment in which a face recognitionsystem uses a cache to track a face.

FIGS. 2A-B are a flow diagram of a process for determining whether abiometric data cache includes data for a person.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a computing system that can be used inconnection with computer-implemented methods described in this document.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A face recognition system may receive a video stream with twenty-five tothirty frames per second. To reduce a number of comparisons of imagedata representing faces from the video stream with a database of imagedata, the face recognition system may analyze only the highest qualityimage data, e.g., for a predetermined period of time, may compare theimage data with image data stored in a cache, or both.

For example, the face recognition system may determine that a particularface is included in each frame for a five second period and select ahighest quality face from the frames for that period of time. Thehighest quality face may have a highest quality image data for theparticular face, a best angle of the particular face, e.g., when theface is shown from the front and not a perspective view, the bestlighting compared to the other depictions of the face, features thatmost align with reference images in the database, a highest confidencelevel that the face is actually a face, a highest confidence level thatfeatures of the face may be compared to features of other faces, e.g.,to determine an identifier for the face, or a combination of two or moreof these.

The face recognition system compares the highest quality face, or datarepresenting the highest quality face, with data stored in a cache ofimage data to determine whether the particular face matches a facerepresented by the image data in the cache. If the face recognitionsystem determines that the cache includes a match, the face recognitionsystem may use data from the cache for the match to perform an action.For instance, the face recognition system may reassign an identifier tothe particular face that was previously assigned to the particular face,e.g., determine that the face was temporarily out of the view of acamera included in the face recognition system, or notify another systemabout the depiction of the particular face in the video stream.

The face recognition system may alert another system or a guard when theface recognition system determines that a face in the video stream isfor a person on a watch list. The face recognition system does not needto query the database of image data when the face recognition systemidentifies a match in the cache.

If the face recognition system determines that the cache does notinclude a match, the face recognition system queries the database ofimage data to determine whether the database includes image data thatmatches image data for the highest quality face for the particular face.The face recognition system adds an entry to the cache that includes theimage data for the highest quality face and, if a match is found in thedatabase, may include data from the database in the entry.

In some examples, the face recognition system may be able to track facesacross consecutive frames in a video stream when the face does not turnaway, is not blocked by another object, or otherwise does not leave thefield of view of a camera capturing a video stream. The face recognitionsystem may use the cache to quickly determine whether a particular facewas previously seen. If so, the face recognition system does not send arequest to the database. If not, the face recognition system sends arequest to a database to determine information about the face.

FIG. 1 is an example of an environment 100 in which a face recognitionsystem uses a cache to track a face. The face recognition systemreceives a video stream 102 from a camera 104 during time period TA. Thevideo stream includes multiple frames of an area, such as an areaoutside a building. In some examples, a field of view of the camera 104may be fixed. In some examples, the camera 104 may move, e.g., rotate,be an aerial camera, or a camera on a mobile device.

For example, a face tracker 106 may receive the video stream from thecamera 104. The face tracker 106 analyzes the frames in the video streamto determine whether the frames of the video stream include faces.

For each frame in which a particular face is identified, the facetracker 106 determines a quality of the face. The face tracker 106 maydetermine the quality of the face for a particular frame using an angleof the face, e.g., a frame with a perspective view of a face or the backof a person's head would have a lower quality score than a frame thatshows all of a face. The face tracker 106 may determine the quality ofthe face for a particular frame using a blur of the particular frame,e.g., a blur of the face in the particular frame, a lighting of the facein the particular frame, a quantity of shadows on the face in theparticular frame, or any other appropriate features of the face, theparticular frame, or both. The face tracker 106 may determine a qualityof the face using a determination of whether an object has eyes, adistance between the eyes, a confidence level that the eyes are actuallyeyes and not other objects, a confidence level that the face is actuallya face and not another object, or a combination of two or more of these.

In some examples, the face tracker 106 may determine a score thatrepresents a combination of two or more of the features above and usethe score to determine whether a face is detected in a frame. The facetracker 106 may apply a sigmoid function to the score and use the outputof the sigmoid function to determine whether a face is detected in aframe. For instance, when the face tracker 106 determines that the scoreor the output of the sigmoid function satisfies a threshold value, e.g.,is greater than the threshold value, the face tracker 106 may determinethat the frame includes an image of a face.

The face tracker 106, at time TB, sends data for a highest quality facesto an image analysis engine 108. For instance, when the face tracker 106identifies a new face or a face not associated with a face from aprevious frame, e.g., the face turned out of a field of view of thecamera 104 or the person left the field of view and then returned, theface tracker 106 analyzes frames for a predetermined time interval,e.g., five seconds, to determine the highest quality face and sends datafor the highest quality face to the image analysis engine 108. The datafor the highest quality face may include data that identifies the face,e.g., an identifier for the face, quality information for the face,details about the face such as hair color or gender, a link to an imageof the face, e.g., cropped from the frame in which the face wasdetected, or a combination of two or more of these.

The image analysis engine 108 determines an identifier for the highestquality face, quality information for the face, or both. For instance,the image analysis engine 108 assigns a quality score, e.g., between oneand one hundred or between zero and one, to the highest quality faceusing properties of the highest quality face. The image analysis engine108 may use the score computed by the face tracker 106 for the highestquality face. The image analysis engine 108 may compute a score for thehighest quality face using one or more of the features described above,e.g., confidence level that an object is a face, confidence level thatthe object has eyes, distance between the eyes, or two or more of these.

The image analysis engine 108 may determine whether an identifier waspreviously assigned to the face or an identifier should be assigned tothe face. For instance, the image analysis engine 108 or the facetracker 106 may assign an identifier to a face to use when transmittingimage data for the face to other components in the face recognitionsystem. When the face tracker 106 determines that a face has not beenassigned an identifier, the face tracker 106 assigns an identifier tothe face and sends the identifier to the image analysis engine 108 withthe highest quality face from a predetermined time interval.

The face tracker 106 continues to send highest quality faces to theimage analysis engine 108 for each predetermined time interval, e.g.,during time period TB. For example, the face tracker 106 may detectthree highest quality faces for a particular face from different timeintervals. The face tracker 106 sends the first of the highest qualityfaces to the image analysis engine 108. When the face tracker 106detects a second of the highest quality faces, the face tracker 106 maydetermine that the second of the highest quality faces has a higherquality than a first of the highest quality faces and send image datafor the second of the highest quality faces to the image analysis engine108. When the face tracker 106 detects a third of the highest qualityfaces, the face tracker 106 may determine that the second of the highestquality faces has a higher quality than the third of the highest qualityfaces, using the corresponding quality scores or analysis of image datafor the faces, and discard data for the third of the highest qualityfaces, e.g., and not send image data for the third of the highestquality faces to the image analysis engine 108.

The image analysis engine 108 uses the image data for the highestquality face to determine, at time Tc, whether a cache 110 has imagedata 112 for the highest quality face. The image analysis engine 108 maydetermine, for each of the highest quality faces, a quality score andstores, in the cache 110, only data for a particular highest qualityface from all the highest quality faces. For instance, the imageanalysis engine 108 may receive only the highest quality face from allthe highest quality faces from the face tracker 106. In some examples,the image analysis engine 108 may receive multiple highest quality facesfor a particular face from the face tracker 106, e.g., the face tracker106 may send the image analysis engine 108 two highest quality faceswhen the particular face moves outside a field of view of a camera for apredetermined period of time.

The image analysis engine 108 compares data for the highest quality facereceived from the face tracker 106 with data for the particular face inthe image data 112. If a quality score for the highest quality face isgreater than a quality score for the data in the image data 112 for theparticular face, the image analysis engine 108 stores the data for thehighest quality face in the image data 112, e.g., and discards the olddata for the particular face from the image data 112. If the qualityscore for the highest quality face is less than the quality score forthe data in the image data 112 for the particular face, the imageanalysis engine 108 discards the data for the highest quality face. Ifthe two quality scores are the same, the image analysis engine 108 maydiscard the data for the highest quality face or store the data for thehighest quality face in the image data 112, e.g., and discard the olddata for the particular face from the image data 112.

The image analysis engine 108 may use any appropriate method todetermine whether the cache 110 includes data in the image data 112 forthe highest quality face. For instance, the image analysis engine 108may compare the highest quality face, or features of the highest qualityface, with a reference image and use the result of the comparison as anindex for the image data 112. The image analysis engine 108 maydetermine whether the image data 112 includes data at the indexedlocation or may determine a closest location in the image data 112 tothe indexed location and use that data for the highest quality face.When the image analysis engine 108 determines that there is not data atthe indexed location or that the closest location in the image data 112is not a match for the face depicted in the highest quality face, theimage analysis engine 108 determines that the image data 112 does notinclude data for the face depicted in the highest quality face.

When the image analysis engine 108 determines that the cache 110includes data for the highest quality face, the image analysis engine108 may use data from the image data 112 or other data in the cache 110,at time TD, to perform an action. For instance, the image analysisengine 108 may send a notification about the face to a device, e.g.,indicating that a person is in an area around the camera 104. When theimage analysis engine 108 identifies the face of a person who is on apersons of interest list, the image analysis engine 108 may determine aparticular person or a particular system to notify and send thenotification to that particular person, particular system, or both.

In some examples, the image analysis engine 108 performs no action. Forexample, the image analysis engine 108 may determine that the person isan employee and is authorized to be in a physical area near the camera104.

The image analysis engine 108, at time TD, may provide output data 114to another system or a device. The output data may include the highestquality face, the identifier for the face, or other data associated withthe face. For instance, when the image analysis engine 108 determinesthat the cache 110 includes data for the highest quality face, the imageanalysis engine 108 may determine an identifier for the face and providethe identifier to the face tracker 106. The face tracker 106 may use theidentifier to track the face, e.g., and replace a current identifierwith the identifier received from the image analysis engine 108.

The image analysis engine 108 may provide the face tracker 106 withquality information. For instance, the face tracker 106 may use thequality information to determine whether a new highest quality face hasbeen identified for the particular face and whether the new highestquality face, or data representing the new highest quality face, shouldbe sent to the image analysis engine 108 for storage in the cache 110.

When the image analysis engine 108 determines that the cache 110 doesnot include data for the highest quality face, the image analysis engine108 sends, at time TE, a request to a database 116 for a match. Thedatabase 116 may be part of the same system as the image analysis engine108 or part of another system.

The database 116 uses image data for the highest quality face to searchbiometric data 118 to determine whether the database includes a matchfor the face. The database 116 may use any appropriate method to searchthe biometric data 118 using the highest quality face or image data forthe highest quality face, such as the method described above used by theimage analysis engine 108 to search the cache 110 and the image data112.

The image analysis engine 108, at time TF, receives a response from thedatabase 116 indicating whether or not the biometric data 118 includes amatch for the highest quality face. When the biometric data 118 includesa match, the image analysis engine 108 may receive a response thatincludes data about the highest quality face, e.g., the correspondingperson's name, whether the person is on a watch list or a persons ofinterest list, etc. When the biometric data 118 does not include amatch, the image analysis engine 108 may receive a response thatindicates that a match was not found.

The image analysis engine 108 updates the cache 110, and the image data112, with data about the highest quality face. For example, when theimage analysis engine 108 determines that the cache 110 does not includedata for the highest quality face, the image analysis engine 108 storesdata representing the highest quality face in the cache 110, e.g.,whether or not the database 116 includes data for the highest qualityface.

The image analysis engine 108 may store particular image data for thehighest quality face in the image data 112 and the identifier for theface in the cache 110. The image analysis engine 108 may use anyappropriate method to determine how to store the particular image datain the image data 112, e.g., how to index the particular image data.

The image analysis engine 108 stores particular image data for thehighest quality face in the image data 112, whether or not the database116 includes a match for the highest quality face, so that later querieswith image data for the face are compared to the most recent image datafor the face, e.g., assuming the image data for the face has not beenremoved from the image data 112 based on a memory management algorithm.For instance, the image data in the biometric data 118 is likely olderthan data stored in the image data 112, e.g., image data from thebiometric data 118 likely does not include the environment in which theperson is depicted, and the face recognition system uses the image datain the cache 110 as the face recognition system may more easilydetermine a match using more recent image data in the cache 110 comparedto the older data from the biometric data 118.

The cache 110 is smaller than the database 116 in that the cache storesdata for fewer faces or people. Similarly, the image data 112 is smallerthan, and stores data for fewer faces or people than, the biometric data118. The face recognition system searches the cache 110, and the imagedata 112 in the cache 110, first to reduce processing time for personsthat have been recently seen in the same video stream from the camera104, for persons on a person of interest list, or both, e.g., comparedto the longer amount of time which may be necessary to search thedatabase 116 and the biometric data 118 for a match.

In some implementations, the image analysis engine 108 may search ashared cache 120 for a match at time TG. For instance, the imageanalysis engine 108 may determine that the cache 110 does not includedata for a highest quality face and search the shared cache 120, andshared image data 122 in the shared cache 120, for a match, e.g.,similar to the process used to search the cache 110 for a match. Theshared cache 120 is a cache in which image data is stored for the camera104, another camera monitoring a physical area near the physical areanear the camera 104, or both. For instance, the shared cache 120 mayinclude image data for faces recently depicted in a video streamcaptured by the other camera.

In some examples, the shared cache 120 may include image data formultiple other cameras. For instance, the shared cache may include imagedata from the cache 110 and from other caches for cameras in physicalareas near the physical area of the camera 104.

The physical areas near the physical area of the camera 104 may includean area in which a person may walk to move from a field of view of thecamera 104 to a field of view of another camera in a short period oftime. For instance, two cameras may be on opposite sides of a wall, nearin physical proximity, and not share a cache because of the amount oftime or the physical distance a person would have to walk to move fromthe field of view of one of the two cameras to a field of view of theother camera.

In some implementations, when the image analysis engine 108 receives anew highest quality face, e.g., when the image analysis engine 108previously sent image data for the face to the image analysis engine108, the image analysis engine 108 may provide image data for the newhighest quality face to the image analysis engine 108. The imageanalysis engine 108 stores the image data in the cache 110. The imageanalysis engine 108 may replace image date for the old highest qualityface with the new image data. In some examples, the image analysisengine 108 may store the new image data with the old image data for theface in the cache 110.

A network, such as a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN),the Internet, or a combination thereof, may connect the camera 104, thecache 110, the database 116, and any other hardware, e.g., that includesthe face tracker 106, and the image analysis engine 108. For instance,one or more computers may include the face tracker 106 and the imageanalysis engine 108 and may receive the video stream from the camera 104using the network.

FIGS. 2A-B are a flow diagram of a process 200 for determining whether abiometric data cache includes data for a person. For example, theprocess 200 can be used by the face recognition system from theenvironment 100.

The face recognition system selects image data for multiple people(202), as shown in FIG. 2A. For example, the face recognition systemdetermines people who are on a watch list, a person of interest, anemployee of a particular entity, or another type of person who is likelyto be in a field of view of a particular camera. For instance, theparticular entity may own a building and the camera may be at thebuilding. The face recognition system may receive a list of theparticular entity's employees and image data for those employees.

The face recognition system adds the selected image data to a biometricdata cache (204). For example, the face recognition system determinesthat the employees are likely to be in the field of view of the cameraone or more times each day, e.g., during the week, and adds image datafor the employees to the biometric data cache.

The face recognition system may use a time of day, a day of week, date,holiday information, or other information to select the image data forthe multiple people and add the image data to the biometric data cache.In some examples, the face recognition system may use first image datafor employees who work during the week and add the first image data tothe biometric data cache during weekdays. The face recognition systemmay use second image data for employees who work on weekends and add thesecond image data to the biometric data cache on weekends, e.g., andremove the first image data from the biometric data cache during theweekends.

The face recognition system receives an image from a camera (206). Forinstance, the face recognition system receives a video stream of framesfrom the camera. The image may be one of the frames from the videostream.

The face recognition system detects a face of a person in the receivedimage (208). For example, the face recognition system may determinewhether a face or multiple faces are shown in each of the frames. Whenthe face recognition system detects at least one face in a frame, theface recognition system may track that face across multiple frames for apredetermined time interval, e.g., five seconds. The face recognitionsystem may select a highest quality face from a frame in thepredetermined time interval and for a particular face, and use thehighest quality face as representative of the particular face of theperson. The face recognition system may perform this process for eachface detected in the video stream, e.g., may perform some of the stepsof the process 200 for each detected face.

The face recognition system searches the biometric data cache based onthe detected face of the person (210). The face recognition system mayuse the image data for the detected face, properties of the face fromthe image data, or both, to search the biometric data cache. The facerecognition system may use any appropriate method to search thebiometric data cache for a match of the face.

The face recognition system determines whether the biometric data cacheincludes data for the person (212). For example, the face recognitionsystem determines whether the biometric data cache includes a match forthe person or a closest match that is within a threshold likelihood ofbeing the person.

In response to determining that the biometric data cache includes datafor the person, the face recognition system uses the data from thebiometric data cache to determine an identifier for the person (214).The identifier may be a numerical identifier, a string, or any otherappropriate value. In some examples, the identifier may include a nameof the person, when the name is available.

The face recognition system determines whether new image data for theperson has a higher quality than the image data in the biometric datacache for the person (216). For instance, the face recognition systemuses quality information for the new image data and the image data inthe biometric data cache to determine which image data better representsthe face of the person, is better for comparison with other facial imagedata of the person, or both. In some examples, the face recognitionsystem periodically uses a new highest quality image from the camera todetermine whether the new highest quality image from the camera has ahigher quality or is better for facial analysis purposes than image dataprevious stored in the biometric data cache.

In response to determining that the new image data for the person has ahigher quality than the image data in the biometric data cache for theperson, the face recognition system updates the data in the biometricdata cache (218). For example, the face recognition system stores thenew image data in the biometric data cache and associates the new imagedata with the identifier for the person. The face recognition system mayremove any association of the person with image data previously storedin the biometric data cache, e.g., by deleting the previously storedimage data.

In response to determining that the new image data for the person doesnot have a higher quality than the image data in the biometric datacache for the person, the face recognition system discards the new imagedata (220). For instance, the face recognition system does not store thenew image data in the biometric data cache.

As shown in FIG. 2B, in response to determining that the biometric datacache does not include data for the person, the face recognition systemsearches a data storage system based on the detected face of the personto determine whether the data storage system includes data for theperson (222). The face recognition system may send the image data forthe detected face to the data storage system to cause the data storagesystem to search a database for a match or a closest match of the face.The database in the data storage system is larger than the biometricdata cache, e.g., includes image data for more people than the biometricdata cache.

The face recognition system determines whether the biometric data cachehas space for new image data (224). For example, whether or not the datastorage system includes data for the person, the face recognition systemmay store image data for the person in the biometric data cache.

In response to determining that the biometric data cache has space forthe new image data, the face recognition system stores image data forthe person in the biometric data cache (226). In some examples, when thedata storage system has data for the person, the face recognition systemmay store some or all of the data for the person from the data storagesystem in the biometric data cache. For instance, the face recognitionsystem may store the name of the person in the biometric data cache.

In response to determining that the biometric data cache does not havespace for the new image data, the face recognition system removes datafor one or more people from the biometric data cache (228). Forinstance, the face recognition system may remove an oldest entry fromthe biometric data cache, e.g., the oldest entry that may be removedwhen the biometric data cache includes entries that remain in thebiometric data cache for a particular time period. For example, the facerecognition system may remove the oldest entry that is not an entry foran employee of the particular entity. In some examples, the facerecognition system may remove an entry that was least recent accessed,an entry or group of entries that were accessed or stored more than apredetermined period of time ago, or both. In some implementations, theface recognition system does not remove entries for persons of interest,persons on a watch list, or other persons who are likely to be in thefield of view of the camera from the biometric data cache.

After the face recognition system removes data from the biometric datacache, the face recognition system stores the new image data in thebiometric data cache. For instance, the face recognition system performsstep 226.

The order of steps in the process 200 described above is illustrativeonly, and the determination of whether the biometric data cache includesdata for a person can be performed in different orders. For example, theface recognition system may determine whether the biometric data cachehas space for the new image data, and store the new image data in thebiometric data cache, e.g., perform steps 224 and 226 or steps 224 and228, before searching the data storage system.

In some implementations, the process 200 can include additional steps,fewer steps, or some of the steps can be divided into multiple steps.For example, the face recognition system may perform steps 204 through228 or steps 204 through 214.

In some implementations, the face recognition system may remove datafrom a biometric data cache periodically, e.g., according to a schedule.For example, the face recognition system may periodically remove datafrom the biometric data cache based on an amount of time the data hasbeen stored in the biometric data cache, if the corresponding face hasnot been depicted in a video stream for a predetermined period of time,or another appropriate pruning technique. The face recognition systemmay maintain data for particular individuals in the biometric data cachethat have at least a threshold likelihood of being within a field ofview of a camera, e.g., persons of interest or persons on a watch list.

The face recognition system may have a schedule, e.g., every hour, twohours, twice daily, etc., according to which the face recognition systemremoves data from the biometric data cache. For instance, the facerecognition system may determine, at the scheduled time, whether datafor a particular face has been accessed within a predetermined period oftime or when the data was stored in the biometric data cache. For alldata that has not been accessed within the predetermined period of time,was stored in the biometric data cache more than a threshold amount oftime ago, or both, the face recognition system can remove that data fromthe biometric data cache, e.g., to enable faster processing for thebiometric data cache.

Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, in tangibly-embodied computer software or firmware, incomputer hardware, including the structures disclosed in thisspecification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations ofone or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e.,one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on atangible non-transitory program carrier for execution by, or to controlthe operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively or inaddition, the program instructions can be encoded on anartificially-generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generatedelectrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated toencode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus forexecution by a data processing apparatus. The computer storage mediumcan be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storagesubstrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination ofone or more of them.

The term “data processing apparatus” refers to data processing hardwareand encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines forprocessing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, acomputer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can also beor further include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integratedcircuit). The apparatus can optionally include, in addition to hardware,code that creates an execution environment for computer programs, e.g.,code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a databasemanagement system, an operating system, or a combination of one or moreof them.

A computer program, which may also be referred to or described as aprogram, software, a software application, a module, a software module,a script, or code, can be written in any form of programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative orprocedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unitsuitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, butneed not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be storedin a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, e.g., one ormore scripts stored in a markup language document, in a single filededicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files,e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions ofcode. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computeror on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributedacross multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable computers executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application-specific integrated circuit).

Computers suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, general or special purpose microprocessors or both, orany other kind of central processing unit. Generally, a centralprocessing unit will receive instructions and data from a read-onlymemory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of acomputer are a central processing unit for performing or executinginstructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions anddata. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupledto receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more massstorage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks,or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices.Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobiletelephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or videoplayer, a game console, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, or aportable storage device, e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive,to name just a few.

Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer programinstructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, mediaand memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memorydevices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks,e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;

-   -   magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The        processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated        in, special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, embodiments of the subjectmatter described in this specification can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquidcrystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and akeyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by whichthe user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g.,visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input fromthe user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, ortactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user bysending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is usedby the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on auser's device in response to requests received from the web browser.

Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browserthrough which a user can interact with an implementation of the subjectmatter described in this specification, or any combination of one ormore such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The componentsof the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digitaldata communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples ofcommunication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a widearea network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In someembodiments, a server transmits data, e.g., an HTML page, to a userdevice, e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving userinput from a user interacting with the user device, which acts as aclient. Data generated at the user device, e.g., a result of the userinteraction, can be received from the user device at the server.

An example of one such type of computer is shown in FIG. 3, which showsa schematic diagram of a generic computer system 300. The system 300 canbe used for the operations described in association with any of thecomputer-implemented methods described previously, according to oneimplementation. The system 300 includes a processor 310, a memory 320, astorage device 330, and an input/output device 340. Each of thecomponents 310, 320, 330, and 340 are interconnected using a system bus350. The processor 310 is capable of processing instructions forexecution within the system 300. In one implementation, the processor310 is a single-threaded processor. In another implementation, theprocessor 310 is a multi-threaded processor. The processor 310 iscapable of processing instructions stored in the memory 320 or on thestorage device 330 to display graphical information for a user interfaceon the input/output device 340.

The memory 320 stores information within the system 300. In oneimplementation, the memory 320 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 320 is a volatile memory unit. In anotherimplementation, the memory 320 is a non-volatile memory unit.

The storage device 330 is capable of providing mass storage for thesystem 300. In one implementation, the storage device 330 is acomputer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 330 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or a tape device.

The input/output device 340 provides input/output operations for thesystem 300. In one implementation, the input/output device 340 includesa keyboard and/or pointing device. In another implementation, theinput/output device 340 includes a display unit for displaying graphicaluser interfaces.

While this specification contains many specific implementation details,these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may beclaimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific toparticular embodiments. Certain features that are described in thisspecification in the context of separate embodiments can also beimplemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures that are described in the context of a single embodiment canalso be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in anysuitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be describedabove as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed assuch, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some casesbe excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may bedirected to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modulesand components in the embodiments described above should not beunderstood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Otherembodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example,the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different orderand still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processesdepicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require theparticular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may beadvantageous.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a biometric data cacheconfigured to maintain, for a subset of persons from a group of personsfor which a data storage system maintains biometric data, biometric datafor each person in the subset of persons, each person in the subset ofpersons having at least a threshold likelihood of being within a fieldof view of a camera, wherein the biometric data cache is different fromthe data storage system and the subset of persons includes fewer personsthan the group of persons; a data processing apparatus; and anon-transitory computer readable storage medium in data communicationwith the data processing apparatus and storing instructions executableby the data processing apparatus and upon such execution cause the dataprocessing apparatus to perform operations comprising: selecting, fromthe group of persons, the subset of persons using a time period duringwhich each person in the subset of persons has at least a thresholdlikelihood of being within a field of view of a camera; in response toselecting the subset of persons using the time period, retrieving, fromthe data storage system, biometric data for one or more persons in thesubset of persons; storing, in the biometric data cache, the retrievedbiometric data for the one or more persons in the subset of persons;searching, during the time period and using captured biometric data fora particular person in the subset of persons, the biometric data cachefor biometric data for the person; in response to searching thebiometric data cache for biometric data for the particular person,determining that the biometric data cache includes data for theparticular person; and in response to determining that the biometricdata cache includes data for the particular person, using the data fromthe biometric data cache to determine an identifier for the particularperson.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: retrieving the biometric datafor the one or more persons in the subset of people comprisesretrieving, from the data storage system, image data for the one or morepeople persons in the subset of persons; storing the retrieved biometricdata for the one or more persons in the subset of persons comprisesstoring, in the biometric data cache, the retrieved image data for theone or more persons in the subset of persons; and searching thebiometric data cache for biometric data for the particular personcomprises searching, during the time period and using captured imagedata for the person, the biometric data cache for image data for theparticular person.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein selecting thesubset of persons using the time period during which each person in thesubset of persons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within afield of view of a camera comprises selecting, from the group ofpersons, the subset of persons using at least one of: a time of dayduring which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, a dayof week during which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, a dateduring which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, or aholiday period during which each person in the subset of persons has atleast a threshold likelihood of being within a field of view of acamera.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein: retrieving the biometric datafor the one or more persons in the subset of people comprisesretrieving, from the data storage system, biometric data for each personin the subset of persons; and storing the retrieved biometric data forthe one or more persons in the subset of persons comprises storing, inthe biometric data cache, the retrieved biometric data for each personin the subset of persons.
 5. The system of claim 1, the operationscomprising: in response to selecting the subset of persons using thetime period, removing, from the biometric data cache, biometric data fora second persons from the group of persons who is not a person theparticular person in the subset of persons.
 6. The system of claim 1,the operations comprising: selecting, from the group of persons, asecond subset of persons using a second time period during which eachperson in the second subset of persons has at least a thresholdlikelihood of being within a field of view of the camera, the secondsubset of people persons being a different subset than the subset ofpersons and the second time period being a different time period thanthe time period; in response to selecting the second subset of personsusing the second time period, retrieving, from the data storage system,second biometric data for one or more persons in the second subset ofpersons; storing, in the biometric data cache, the retrieved secondbiometric data for the one or more persons in the second subset ofpersons; searching, during the second time period and using capturedbiometric data for a second person, the biometric data cache for secondbiometric data for the second person; in response to searching thebiometric data cache for second biometric data for the second person,determining that the biometric data cache includes second data for thesecond person; and in response to determining that the biometric datacache includes second data for the second person, using the second datafrom the biometric data cache to determine a second identifier for thesecond person.
 7. The system of claim 1, comprising the data storagesystem.
 8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storinginstructions executable by a data processing apparatus and upon suchexecution cause the data processing apparatus to perform operationscomprising: selecting, from a group of persons for which a data storagesystem maintains biometric data, a subset of persons people using a timeperiod during which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, thesubset of persons including fewer persons than the group of peoplepersons; in response to selecting the subset of persons using the timeperiod, retrieving, from the data storage system, biometric data for oneor more persons in the subset of persons; storing, in a biometric datacache configured to maintain biometric data for each person in thesubset of persons, the retrieved biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of persons, the biometric data cache being adifferent system from the data storage system; searching, during thetime period and using captured biometric data for a particular person inthe subset of persons, the biometric data cache for biometric data forthe particular person; in response to searching the biometric data cachefor biometric data for the particular person, determining that thebiometric data cache includes data for the particular person; and inresponse to determining that the biometric data cache includes data forthe particular person, using the data from the biometric data cache todetermine an identifier for the particular person.
 9. The computerreadable storage medium of claim 8, wherein: retrieving the biometricdata for the one or more persons in the subset of people personscomprises retrieving, from the data storage system, image data for theone or more persons people in the subset of persons; storing theretrieved biometric data for the one or more persons in the subset ofpersons comprises storing, in the biometric data cache, the retrievedimage data for the one or more persons in the subset of persons; andsearching the biometric data cache for biometric data for the personcomprises searching, during the time period and using captured imagedata for the particular person, the biometric data cache for image datafor the particular person.
 10. The computer readable storage medium ofclaim 8, wherein selecting the subset of persons using the time periodduring which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a cameracomprises selecting, from the group of persons, the subset of personsusing at least one of: a time of day during which each person in thesubset of persons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within afield of view of a camera, a day of week during which each person in thesubset of persons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within afield of view of a camera, a date during which each person in the subsetof persons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within a fieldof view of a camera, or a holiday period during which each person in thesubset of persons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within afield of view of a camera.
 11. The computer readable storage medium ofclaim 8, wherein: retrieving the biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of people persons comprises retrieving, from thedata storage system, biometric data for each person in the subset ofpersons; and storing the retrieved biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of persons comprises storing, in the biometricdata cache, the retrieved biometric data for each person in the subsetof persons.
 12. The computer readable storage medium of claim 8, theoperations comprising: in response to selecting the subset of personsusing the time period, removing, from the biometric data cache,biometric data for a second person from the group of people who is notthe particular person in the subset of persons.
 13. The computerreadable storage medium of claim 8, the operations comprising:selecting, from the group of persons, a second subset of persons using asecond time period during which each person in the second subset ofpersons has at least a threshold likelihood of being within a field ofview of the camera, the second subset of persons being a differentsubset than the subset of persons and the second time period being adifferent time period than the time period; in response to selecting thesecond subset of persons using the second time period, retrieving, fromthe data storage system, second biometric data for one or more personsin the second subset of persons; storing, in the biometric data cache,the retrieved second biometric data for the one or more persons in thesecond subset of persons; searching, during the second time period andusing captured biometric data for a second person, the biometric datacache for second biometric data for the second person; in response tosearching the biometric data cache for second biometric data for thesecond person, determining that the biometric data cache includes seconddata for the second person; and in response to determining that thebiometric data cache includes second data for the second person, usingthe second data from the biometric data cache to determine a secondidentifier for the second person.
 14. A computer-implemented methodcomprising: selecting, from a group of persons for which a data storagesystem maintains biometric data, a subset of persons people using a timeperiod during which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, thesubset of persons including fewer persons than the group of peoplepersons; in response to selecting the subset of persons using the timeperiod, retrieving, from the data storage system, biometric data for oneor more persons in the subset of persons; storing, in a biometric datacache configured to maintain biometric data for each person in thesubset of persons, the retrieved biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of persons, the biometric data cache being adifferent system from the data storage system; searching, during thetime period and using captured biometric data for a particular person inthe subset of persons, the biometric data cache for biometric data forthe particular person; in response to searching the biometric data cachefor biometric data for the particular person, determining that thebiometric data cache includes data for the particular person; and inresponse to determining that the biometric data cache includes data forthe particular person, using the data from the biometric data cache todetermine an identifier for the particular person.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein: retrieving the biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of persons comprises retrieving, from the datastorage system, image data for the one or more persons in the subset ofpersons; storing the retrieved biometric data for the one or morepersons in the subset of persons comprises storing, in the biometricdata cache, the retrieved image data for the one or more persons in thesubset of persons; and searching the biometric data cache for biometricdata for the person comprises searching, during the time period andusing captured image data for the person, the biometric data cache forimage data for the person.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein selectingthe subset of persons using the time period during which each person inthe subset of persons has at least a threshold likelihood of beingwithin a field of view of a camera comprises selecting, from the groupof persons, the subset of persons using at least one of: a time of dayduring which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, a dayof week during which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, a dateduring which each person in the subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of a camera, or aholiday period during which each person in the subset of persons has atleast a threshold likelihood of being within a field of view of acamera.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein: retrieving the biometricdata for the one or more persons in the subset of persons comprisesretrieving, from the data storage system, biometric data for each personin the subset of persons; and storing the retrieved biometric data forthe one or more persons in the subset of persons comprises storing, inthe biometric data cache, the retrieved biometric data for each personin the subset of persons.
 18. The method of claim 14, comprising: inresponse to selecting the subset of persons using the time period,removing, from the biometric data cache, biometric data for a secondperson from the group of persons who is not a person in the subset ofpersons.
 19. The method of claim 14, comprising: selecting, from thegroup of persons, a second subset of persons using a second time periodduring which each person in the second subset of persons has at least athreshold likelihood of being within a field of view of the camera, thesecond subset of persons being a different subset than the subset ofpersons and the second time period being a different time period thanthe time period; in response to selecting the second subset of personsusing the second time period, retrieving, from the data storage system,second biometric data for one or more persons in the second subset ofpersons; storing, in the biometric data cache, the retrieved secondbiometric data for the one or more persons in the second subset ofpersons; searching, during the second time period and using capturedbiometric data for a second person, the biometric data cache for secondbiometric data for the second person; in response to searching thebiometric data cache for second biometric data for the second person,determining that the biometric data cache includes second data for thesecond person; and in response to determining that the biometric datacache includes second data for the second person, using the second datafrom the biometric data cache to determine a second identifier for thesecond person.